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The Philippine Dynasty, also known as the House of Habsburg in Portugal, was the third royal house of Portugal. It was named after the three Spanish kings who ruled Portugal between 1581 and 1640 in a dynastic union of the two crowns. The three kings, all named Philip ((スペイン語:Felipe); (ポルトガル語:Filipe), (:fɨˈlip(ɨ))), were from the House of Habsburg. The history of Portugal from the dynastic crisis in 1580 to the House of Braganza monarchs is a period of transition. The Portuguese Empire spice trade was near its height at the start of this period. It continued to enjoy widespread influence after Vasco da Gama had finally reached the East by sailing around Africa in 1497–1498. Vasco da Gama's achievement completed the exploratory efforts inaugurated by Henry the Navigator, and opened an oceanic route for the profitable spice trade into Europe that bypassed the Middle East. Throughout the 17th century, the increasing predations and surrounding of Portuguese trading posts in the East by the Dutch, English and French, and their rapidly growing intrusion into the Atlantic slave trade, undermined Portugal's near monopoly on the lucrative oceanic spice and slave trades. This sent the Portuguese spice trade into a long decline. To a lesser extent the diversion of wealth from Portugal by the Habsburg monarchy to help support the Catholic side of the Thirty Years' War, also created strains within the union, although Portugal did benefit from Spanish military power in helping to retain Brazil and in disrupting Dutch trade. These events, and those that occurred at the end of the House of Aviz and the period of the Iberian Union, led Portugal to a state of dependency on its colonies, first India and then Brazil. ==The continuity in the administrative system== Due to the complexity in the management of government, the Spanish Monarch needed some auxiliary bodies, as the Councils (''Consejos''), dedicated to the advice and resolution of problems, and submitted to the Monarch's knowledge and dictum. This complexity needed a permanent seat, and the king Philip II of Spain established in 1562 the permanent capital in Madrid, seat of the Royal Court and of the administrative staff.〔https://books.google.com/books?id=j_e4Iz1k10IC&lpg=PA48〕〔(John Horace Parry, ''The Spanish seaborne empire'', University of California Press, 1990 )〕〔(Stephen J. Lee, ''Aspects of European history, 1494-1789'', Routledge (1984) )〕〔(Torbjørn L. Knutsen, ''The rise and fall of world orders'', Manchester University Press (1999) )〕 although transferred-in Valladolid, with the whole administrative staff, during a brief period (1601–1606).〔(Alastair Boyd, ''The Companion guide to Madrid and central Spain'', Companion Guides (2002) )〕 As for the functioning, the administrative correspondence came to the different Councils, to Madrid, then the secretary of every Council arranged the material that had to deliver for the attention of the king, and later the King assembled with the secretaries requesting the opinion of the Council. After that, the Council answered afterwards a session to treat the issue and to raise the formal consultation to the monarch. The secretary raise the consultation to the king, and was returned to the Council with his response to be executed. The meetings of the Councils took place in the royal palace, and they did not count on the presence of the king habitually. In this polisynodial system〔(Stephen J. Lee, ''Aspects of European history, 1494-1789'', Routledge (1984) )〕 stood out for its importance, the ''Consejo de Estado'' (Council of State). The ''Consejo de Estado'' in Madrid, entrusted to declare on the major decisions that concerned the organization and the defense of the ensamble of the Hispanic monarchy, and it had frequently that to get into Portuguese matters. Even, the Council of War (''Consejo de Guerra'') exercised its jurisdiction on the troops placed in the Castilian strongholds established on the Portuguese littoral. And also, there were Councils of territorial character, which functions specialized in a concrete territorial space, the Council of Castile, Council of Aragon, Council of Navarre, Council of Italy, Council of The Indies, Council of Flanders, and the Council of Portugal. The Council of Portugal, established in 1582, was integrated with a president and six (later four) counselors, and it disappeared in 1668. The function of the Council consists in representing close to the king the courts of the Crown of Portugal for the matters that depend on the justice, grace, finally, the economy of the royal Portuguese domain. Any decision of the king who concerning his Kingdom must do the object of a consultation to the Council before being transmitted to the chancellery of Lisbon and to the concerned courts. The Council of Portugal knows two eclipses: in 1619, for the presence of the King in Lisbon, and between 1639–1658, replaced with the Junta of Portugal. From the Restauração, the Council continued existing, since Philip IV had not recognized the independence of Portugal, and carried out the attending to the faithful Portuguese to the Spanish monarch, and the government of Ceuta.〔(Santiago de Luxán Meléndez, ''La pervivencia del Consejo de Portugal durante la Restauración: 1640-1668'', Norba. Revista de historia, ISSN 0213-375X, Nº 8-9, 1987-1988, p.61-86 )〕 Relating to the particular government of the kingdom of Portugal itself. During the union of the kingdom of Portugal to the Spanish monarchy, the Spanish Hasburgs on the whole respected the pledges made at Thomar in 1581 to allow considerable Portuguese autonomy and to respected the territories of its empire. Public offices were reserved for Portuguese subjects at home and overseas. The king was represented at Lisbon sometimes by a governor and sometimes by a viceroy. So, Spain left the administration of Portugal and its empire largely to the Portuguese themselves, under general supervision from Madrid channeled through a viceroy in Lisbon. Important matters, however, were referred to Madrid, where they came before the Council of Portugal. In the kingdom of Portugal, the polisynodial system is reinforced: *Council of State. The ''Conselho de Estado'' of Lisbon is the King's private Council, entrusted of debating major issues related to the Crown, especially as for foreign policy. The counselors could send their remarks to the king, and the King consulted them through his Viceroy. Although the ''Conselho de Estado'' of Lisbon, worked as the great adviser Council of the King's delegate, this Council of State was without clearly defined administrative powers and actually it did not perform relevant role of coordination. The Spanish kings maintained the system of two secretaries of state, one for the kingdom and the other for "India", that is to say, for the colonies, despite several conflicts over jurisdiction, until the creation of the ''Conselho da India'' in 1604. *In the same way, Spanish kings retained the ''Mesa da Consciência e Ordens'', which was both tribunal and council for religious affairs and was responsible for administering ecclesiastical appintments and for the property of the military orders in the colonies as well as in the home country. *Portuguese Inquisition remained independent from the ''Mesa da Consciência e Ordens''. There were three major courts in Lisbon, Coimbra and Évora. *Also preserved was the ''Desembargo do Paço''. The pinnacle of the entire Portuguese judicial system was the ''Desembargo do Paço'' or Royal Board of Justice in Lisbon. This board, the highest court in the kingdom, controlled the appointment of all magistrates and judges and oversaw the ''Casa de Supplicação'' or Court of Appeals in Lisbon, as well as the high courts in the Portuguese overseas territories. The first function of the ''Desembargo do Paço'' was to control the recruitment of the magistrates (''leitura de bachareis'') and to monitor them in the exercise of their charge, its control spreads to the whole of the juridical professions. The ''Desembargo do Paço'' had to arbitrate conflicts between other courts of the kingdom. This court granted dispensations, acts of legitimization and another relevant issues about the justice and the grace, and which on occasions advised the king on political and economic as well as judicial matters. Moreover, a commission of jurists set up to reform the legal system produced a new code for Portugal, the ''Ordenações filipinas'', promulgated in 1603. *The ''Casa de Supplicação'' and the ''Casa do Civel'', both are two royal courts of appeal for civil cases as criminal cases. The ''Casa do Civel'' exercised jurisdiction over the northern part of the kingdom, and the ''Casa de Supplicação'' over the rest on the realm including the islands and overseas. *In 1591, the four ''Vedores da Fazenda'' (overseers of the Treasury) were replaced by a ''Conselho da Fazenda'' composed of one ''Vedor da Fazenda'' presiding over four counsillors (two of them lawyers) and four secretaries. The ''Conselho da Fazenda'' exercised a control over the officials of finance, administered the particular king's goods and exercised its jurisdiction over the customs and the arsenals, the court of accounts and the administration of the monopolistic trade with overseas. *From 1604, the newly created ''Conselho da India'' was invested with powers for all overseas affairs, apart from matters concerning Madeira, the Azores and the strongholds of Morocco, and colonial officials were appointed and their dispatches handled by it. However, it was the ''Conselho da Fazenda'' which dealt with naval expeditions, the buying and selling of pepper and the collection of the royal revenues, in fact with all economic business. The ''Conselho da India'', therefore, exercised only limited powers. As a creation of the Spanish king, it was regarded with disfavour by the Portuguese and because of the jealousy of the ''Mesa da Consciencia'' disappeared in 1614. Nevertheless, the political conjuncture need urgent reactions, and in this context a system of meetings appeared for specific issues, as the Junta for the reform of the Council of Portugal (1606–1607, 1610), the Junta for the classification of the debts to the treasury (since 1627) or the Juntas for the organization of the navies of succor of Brazil (since 1637)...〔(Julio Valdeón Baruque, ''Revueltas y revoluciones en la historia'', Universidad de Salamanca (1990) )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Philippine Dynasty」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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